United StatesServices Bookkeeping & accountingMonth-end close

Bookkeeping & accounting

Month-end close for US businesses

Accruals, prepayments and closing entries so the month is finished, not just recorded.

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What is month-end close?

Accruals, prepayments and closing entries so the month is finished, not just recorded.

Reconciled transactions are not a closed period. A business can have every bank and card feed matched and coded and still not be "closed" in the sense a CPA or a lender means it — closing means the accrual entries are posted, the balance sheet tells the truth about what is owed, and the period cannot be quietly reopened next week. A lot of businesses run bookkeeping without ever running a close: transactions get coded as cash moves, and the books call that "done" for the month. Nothing is missing, but revenue collected in January for a service delivered through June is still sitting as January revenue.

The close is where three things get fixed that reconciliation alone never touches. Accrued liabilities — a vendor invoice for October work that arrives in November — get pulled back into the period they belong to instead of hitting whichever month the bill happened to land. Prepaid expenses — an annual insurance premium paid in March — get spread across the twelve months it actually covers instead of front-loading one month's P&L with a year of cost. Deferred revenue — cash collected for a subscription or retainer not yet delivered — gets held on the balance sheet as a liability and released to revenue only as the obligation is fulfilled. Skip these three and the monthly P&L is a cash-flow statement wearing an accrual costume.

Why it matters

Without a systemWith CapEasy
Month-end arrives whenever someone gets to itBooks closed on a fixed date, in the same shape every month
Unexplained transactions pile up in a suspense account until year-endEvery account reconciled to the statement, with discrepancies explained not plugged
Your accountant bills you to fix bookkeeping before they can do their own workA short questions list instead of a year-end archaeology project
You cannot answer "how did we do last month" without a week of diggingWhoever files opens a finished file

What we need from you

Financial

  • Bank and card statements
  • Sales invoices
  • Supplier bills
  • Expense receipts
  • Payroll summaries
  • Loan statements

System

  • Chart of accounts
  • Opening balances
  • Accounting software access (read/write, least privilege)
  • Multi-currency details if applicable

Context

  • Prior period financial statements
  • Your accountant’s coding preferences
  • Anything unusual we should expect

How it runs, step by step

  1. Transaction recording & classification
    • Daily transaction entry
    • Revenue and expense categorisation
    • Capital vs operating classification
  2. Ledger & trial balance
    • General ledger review
    • Sub-ledger reconciliation
    • Chart of accounts restructuring
  3. Reconciliation
    • Monthly bank and card reconciliation
    • Discrepancy investigation, with a written explanation
    • Multi-account and multi-entity reconciliation
  4. Catch-up & clean-up
    • Working back from the last clean period
    • An honest read on how far back the records support
    • Rebuilding to current

Who does what

Your CapEasy teamMonth-end close, the reconciliations and reporting behind it, and the questions list that keeps it honest.
Your CPA or enrolled agentEverything that carries a licence in United States — rendered exactly as written: issue compilation, review or audit reports — those are restricted to licensed cpa firms.
YouOne conversation with one named person, and the decisions that are genuinely yours.

Month-end close in United States

ASC 606 and why deferred revenue cannot be recognized on receipt

Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied, not when cash arrives. A business that collects a $12,000 annual retainer in January and books it all as January revenue has overstated one period and understated the other eleven. The close is where that cash sits as a deferred revenue liability and releases on a schedule tied to actual delivery.

The matching principle — why accrual-basis close still matters on a cash-basis return

Many small businesses file their federal return on a cash basis, which the IRS permits for qualifying entities. That election governs the return; it does not mean the internal books should be cash-basis too. GAAP's matching principle — expenses recognized in the period that generated the related revenue — is what makes month-to-month numbers comparable. We close to accrual regardless of which basis the CPA elects for the return.

UAA s.14(a) — a close package is not an opinion

A disciplined monthly close, however rigorous, is not a compilation, review, or audit under the Uniform Accountancy Act s.14(a) — those reports, and the opinion attached to them, are restricted to a licensed CPA firm. The reporting package we deliver at close is internal-use financial information; a bank or investor needing an attached opinion is a separate engagement with your CPA.

ASC 842 and recurring lease entries at close

A business with an operating or finance lease carries a right-of-use asset and a lease liability under ASC 842, and both need a recurring amortization entry each close, not a one-time booking at signing. Missing this is one of the more common reasons a balance sheet drifts out of GAAP consistency over a year without anyone noticing until the CPA asks.

What your CPA or enrolled agent receives from us

  • A closing trial balance for the period, with every account balance explained, not just reconciled to a bank statement.
  • A completed close checklist showing which standing entries were posted, in what order, and by whom.
  • Accrual journal entries for the period, with the source documentation — the vendor invoice, the contract, the timesheet — attached to each.
  • A prepaid expense amortization schedule showing the remaining balance and monthly release for every prepaid item on the books.
  • A deferred revenue schedule (or waterfall) showing what was collected, what was recognized this period, and what remains deferred.
  • An accrued liabilities schedule for anything owed but not yet invoiced or paid as of the close date.

Questions worth asking before you start

Who actually does the work — a person or an AI tool?

A named person on our team owns your file and reviews everything that leaves it. Software does a real share of the grinding underneath it — coding, matching, flagging the obvious gaps — but nothing regulated happens without a person’s judgement, and nothing here is signed or filed by an algorithm.

Is there a filing or lodging step here?

No — month-end close is operational work inside your books, not something submitted to IRS. Where a filing does sit downstream of it, inside bookkeeping & accounting more broadly, that stays with your CPA or enrolled agent, never with us.

Which software do you work in?

Whatever you already run. Most commonly QuickBooks, Xero, NetSuite, Sage, Zoho Books and a handful of others — we work inside your system rather than moving you onto one of our own.

How does this actually start?

A short, free read-only look at what you already have, and a written note on what we found. A scoping call decides the size of the engagement — nothing here commits you to anything.

What does it cost?

There is no published price for month-end close — it depends on volume, how many entities are involved, and how far behind the books are. We quote after the read-only review, which is free.

How does this fit with the rest of bookkeeping & accounting?

Month-end close sits inside bookkeeping & accounting, alongside Monthly bookkeeping, Catch-up bookkeeping, Bank reconciliation. Most clients end up buying the category as a whole rather than one leaf at a time, but starting narrow is fine.

What does a "close" add on top of reconciled, coded transactions?

Reconciliation confirms every transaction matches the bank statement. A close goes further: it posts accrual entries for costs incurred but not yet billed, spreads prepaid expenses over the periods they cover, and defers revenue collected ahead of delivery. Without those entries, a reconciled ledger can still misstate the period.

Why does the close date need to be fixed instead of "whenever it gets done"?

A moving close date means the P&L you are looking at on any given day could reflect last month or something older — nobody can tell without checking. A fixed date, held every period, means management, the CPA, and any lender always know exactly what period a set of numbers represents.

How do you handle deferred revenue at close?

Cash collected for work not yet delivered is booked to a deferred revenue liability, not to income. We maintain a schedule for each contract showing what has been recognized and what remains deferred, and release the balance on the delivery schedule rather than the cash-receipt date.

What happens to prepaid expenses — an annual premium or an annual software contract, for example?

They post to a prepaid asset account when paid, then release to expense in equal monthly amounts over the period the payment actually covers. That keeps a single large payment from distorting one month's P&L while the following eleven months look artificially clean.

What if a vendor invoice for this month does not arrive until next month?

We accrue the estimated liability at close based on the purchase order, contract rate, or prior billing pattern, so the expense lands in the period the work happened. Once the actual invoice arrives, we true up the estimate to the real figure.

What is actually on the close checklist?

Standing recurring entries (prepaid releases, lease and depreciation amortization), accruals for known but unbilled obligations, deferred revenue releases, a reconciliation-complete check for every account, and a flux review against the prior period — run in the same order every month.

Do we get a management reporting package, or just a trial balance?

A P&L, balance sheet, and cash position, delivered on the fixed close date, along with a short flux note explaining what moved from the prior period and why. It is internal management reporting, not a CPA-issued financial statement with an opinion attached.

How does a disciplined close actually help at tax time?

Your CPA builds the 1120, 1120-S, or 1065 from the accumulated year of closes. If accruals, prepayments, and deferred revenue were handled consistently every month, the CPA starts from numbers that were already true — instead of reconstructing several months of missed entries before the return can begin.

What is a flux or variance note, and do you provide one?

A short explanation of what changed materially from the prior period and why — a jump in accrued liabilities, a release of deferred revenue, an unusual prepaid adjustment. We include one with every close so a number that moves has a reason attached, not a question left hanging.

We file taxes on a cash basis — does a GAAP-consistent close still make sense for us?

Yes. The tax basis your CPA elects for the return is a filing decision; it does not have to match how the internal books are kept. Closing to accrual gives you a P&L and balance sheet that are comparable month to month and useful for actually running the business, independent of which basis ends up on the return.

Does AI touch the close, and who is actually accountable for what gets posted?

AI tools flag accounts that moved outside their normal range and surface which standing entries — lease amortization, prepaid releases, recurring accruals — are due that period, so nothing gets missed because a person forgot. The named accountable person on the engagement decides what actually posts, reviews the flux note, and signs off on the closing package before it goes out. AI does not post an entry, close a period, or decide what the flux note says.

Can the close date move if we have a one-time event, like a fundraise or an acquisition closing mid-month?

The fixed close date holds for the standard package; a one-time event that needs its own accounting treatment — purchase price allocation, a fundraise's deferred costs — is scoped as additional work rather than pushed into the regular close, so the recurring date for everyone else's numbers does not slip because of one unusual month.

Your CapEasy experts

Connect with us

Talk to the people who handle this work every day — no call centre, no hand-offs.

Ayush Joshi

Ayush Joshi

Co-Founder

Ex-OYO and Tenaciousfly. 7+ years in business development, strategic acquisitions, financing and debt syndication.

Aditya Jain

Aditya Jain

Co-Founder

Ex-Bank of America. 4+ years in investment banking, EU & Indian compliances, ESG compliances, and project management.

Manav Raval

Virtual CFO & Tax Specialist

Section 80-IAC, tax planning and startup compliance. Previously at Toyota Motor Corporation and Jaguar Land Rover.

Ayush Faldu

Virtual CFO & Tax Specialist

Financial strategy, budgeting and cash flow — a CFO’s judgement, monthly.

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