| Private Limited Company | C-Corporation (Delaware or home state) | Pty Ltd company |
| LLP | Multi-member LLC (the honest US default) | No equivalent |
| One Person Company (OPC) | Single-member LLC | Single-director Pty Ltd |
| Proprietorship | Sole proprietorship + DBA | Sole trader (ABN) |
| Partnership firm | General partnership / LP (state filings) | Partnership (ABN/TFN + agreement) |
| Section 8 Company | Nonprofit corporation | Company limited by guarantee + ACNC registration |
| Trust registration | Charitable trust / private foundation (attorney-drafted) | Discretionary or unit trust with corporate trustee |
| Indian subsidiary (reverse: going abroad) | US subsidiary of an Indian company | Australian subsidiary of an Indian company |
| GST registration | Sales-tax nexus analysis + state permits | GST registration (the real GST) |
| GST return filing | State sales-tax returns (per state) | BAS preparation (agent lodges) |
| GST notice | State DOR notice response + VDA | ATO GST review support |
| GST LUT (export) | No equivalent — exemption/resale certificates are the nearest concept | Not needed — exports are GST-free by default |
| GSTR-9 annual return | No equivalent | No equivalent |
| GSTR-10 / final return | Sales-tax account closure | GST cancellation + final BAS |
| TAN registration | No equivalent | No equivalent |
| TDS return filing | Payroll: 941/940 deposits, W-2s, 1099-NEC | STP reporting + PAYG-W on the BAS + TPAR |
| PF / ESI registration | State payroll registrations (UI + withholding) | Super default fund + workers compensation |
| Professional tax | No equivalent | State payroll tax (threshold-based) |
| FSSAI registration / licence | FDA food facility registration + county health permit | Food business notification / registration / licence |
| Trade licence | State/local business licences | State/council business licences |
| Digital Signature (DSC) | No equivalent | myID + Relationship Authorisation Manager |
| DIN + DIN eKYC | No equivalent | Director ID (one-time, never renewed) |
| Startup India / DPIIT recognition | SBA certifications + SAM.gov (different purpose) | ESIC self-assessment + R&DTI registration |
| Udyam / MSME registration | SBA size standards (no registration) | No equivalent |
| Trademark search + registration | USPTO application (US attorney required for foreign applicants) | IP Australia — TM Headstart or standard |
| Trademark objection | USPTO office action response | Examination adverse report response |
| Trademark renewal | §8 declaration + §9 renewal | 10-year renewal |
| Trademark transfer | USPTO assignment recordal (ETAS) | Assignment recordal |
| Trademark protection / watch | TM watch service | Watch + ABF customs Notice of Objection |
| Copyright registration | US Copyright Office eCO registration | No equivalent |
| Income tax e-filing | Form 1040 preparation | Individual return via registered agent |
| Company ITR filing | 1120 / 1120-S preparation | Company tax return (25% vs 30% rates) |
| Income tax notice | IRS notice response (EA/CPA/attorney represents) | ATO amendment / objection response |
| ROC compliance retainer | Registered agent + annual report + franchise tax | ASIC annual review + corporate secretarial |
| INC-20A / DPT-3 / ADT-1 / LLP Form 11 / CCFS | No equivalent | No equivalent |
| Authorized capital increase | Amendment to increase authorized shares | No equivalent |
| Winding up / strike-off | Dissolution + wind-up | Voluntary deregistration vs members’ voluntary liquidation |
| Barcode registration | GS1 US | GS1 Australia |
| ISO registration | ISO certification via ANAB-accredited body | ISO via JAS-ANZ-accredited body |
| IEC + ICEGATE | CBP importer of record + customs bond + ACE | No import licence needed — broker + N10 + biosecurity |
| 12A / 80G | IRS Form 1023 determination + state charitable registration | ACNC registration + DGR endorsement |
| Bookkeeping | US bookkeeping | AU bookkeeping (Xero ecosystem) |
| HR & payroll | Payroll operations | Payroll incl. STP, awards, super |
