United StatesServices Industries we knowProfessional services

Industries we know

Professional services for US businesses

WIP, utilisation and billing that reflects what was actually delivered.

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What is professional services?

WIP, utilisation and billing that reflects what was actually delivered.

A professional services firm — law, consulting, engineering, architecture, agency work — sells time and judgment, and its books have to track both. The core mechanic is work in progress: hours logged against a matter or project that haven't been billed yet, sitting as an asset on paper long before they're cash. A firm that doesn't keep WIP current discovers a month too late that a team has been working unbilled for weeks on an engagement nobody flagged as over-budget.

Utilisation and realization are the two numbers that tell a partner or principal how the firm is actually doing, and neither comes from the general ledger — both come from time data. Utilisation is billable hours against available hours per person; realization is what actually gets billed and collected against the standard rate, after write-downs for scope creep or a partner who under-bills out of habit. A firm can look profitable on a P&L and still be bleeding margin project by project if nobody's tying time entries back to what was actually invoiced.

Who does what

Your CapEasy teamProfessional services, the reconciliations and reporting behind it, and the questions list that keeps it honest.
Your CPA or enrolled agentEverything that carries a licence in United States — rendered exactly as written: issue compilation, review or audit reports — those are restricted to licensed cpa firms.
YouOne conversation with one named person, and the decisions that are genuinely yours.

Professional services in United States

Client trust accounting is the firm's own regulated obligation

For a law firm, IOLTA and general trust account rules are set state by state, typically modeled on ABA Model Rule 1.15 — client funds held separate from operating funds, a ledger maintained per client, and a three-way reconciliation (bank balance, book balance, client ledger total) performed regularly. This is the firm's own regulated function under its state bar, not bookkeeping we're licensed to perform on the firm's behalf. We keep the trust ledger data clean and reconciliation-ready; the firm's own responsible attorney or accountable principal owns the reconciliation itself.

Revenue recognition on time-based and fixed-fee work — ASC 606

Professional services revenue sits inside ASC 606's five-step model: identifying the performance obligation, determining whether it's satisfied over time or at a point, and measuring progress for percentage-of-completion billing. Whether a fixed-fee engagement recognizes ratably, on milestones, or on cost-to-cost progress is a judgment call the firm's CPA makes and documents — we tie WIP, unbilled time, and billing data to whatever method is in place, we don't select it.

Unbilled WIP and its tax-year treatment

For a cash-basis firm, unbilled WIP has no tax effect until it's billed and collected; for an accrual-basis firm, WIP timing can matter for taxable income depending on the entity's method. Which method applies, and how WIP feeds the return, is the CPA's determination — we keep the WIP ledger accurate and current so that determination is made against real numbers.

Multi-state and multi-office complications

A firm with offices or partners licensed in more than one state can face separate trust account rules per jurisdiction, and separate state apportionment questions for the CPA preparing the firm's return. We track WIP, billing, and time data at the entity level the firm needs — by office, practice group, or partner — so the CPA has the segmentation the apportionment work requires without reconstructing it from raw timesheets.

What your CPA or enrolled agent receives from us

  • A current WIP schedule broken out by matter, project, or engagement, aged against the date hours were logged
  • Time-entry data reconciled to the time-and-billing system (Clio, PracticePanther, Deltek, BQE Core, or the firm's own) before it hits the books
  • A monthly realization report: standard rate value of logged hours versus what was actually billed and collected, by timekeeper
  • Trust ledger data reconciled and reconciliation-ready — bank, book, and per-client ledger balances lined up — for the firm's responsible attorney to sign off
  • Unbilled and billed-not-collected aging, flagged by age band before a stalled invoice becomes a write-off decision
  • Fixed-fee and milestone tracking tied to whatever percentage-of-completion schedule the CPA has set for revenue recognition

Questions worth asking before you start

Who actually does the work — a person or an AI tool?

A named person on our team owns your file and reviews everything that leaves it. Software does a real share of the grinding underneath it — coding, matching, flagging the obvious gaps — but nothing regulated happens without a person’s judgement, and nothing here is signed or filed by an algorithm.

Is there a filing or lodging step here?

No — professional services is operational work inside your books, not something submitted to IRS. Where a filing does sit downstream of it, inside industries we know more broadly, that stays with your CPA or enrolled agent, never with us.

Which software do you work in?

Whatever you already run. Most commonly QuickBooks, Xero, NetSuite, Sage, Zoho Books and a handful of others — we work inside your system rather than moving you onto one of our own.

How does this actually start?

A short, free read-only look at what you already have, and a written note on what we found. A scoping call decides the size of the engagement — nothing here commits you to anything.

What does it cost?

There is no published price for professional services — it depends on volume, how many entities are involved, and how far behind the books are. We quote after the read-only review, which is free.

How does this fit with the rest of industries we know?

Professional services sits inside industries we know, alongside Ecommerce, SaaS and software, Construction and trades. Most clients end up buying the category as a whole rather than one leaf at a time, but starting narrow is fine.

Do you manage our IOLTA or client trust account for us?

We keep trust ledger data clean and reconciliation-ready — per-client ledgers, bank and book balances lined up. The reconciliation itself and the compliance obligation behind it stay with the firm's responsible attorney or accountable principal, under your state bar's rules.

What's the difference between WIP and unbilled receivables?

WIP is time and cost logged against a matter that hasn't been invoiced yet — it isn't a receivable until billed. Once billed but not yet collected, it moves to receivables. We track both stages separately so the aging tells you where the money actually is.

How do you calculate realization, and who decides a write-down versus a write-off?

Realization compares standard rate value of logged hours against what's actually billed and collected. A reduction at billing time is a write-down; an amount invoiced but never collected is a write-off — a bad-debt question for your CPA. We record and code the two separately.

Do you decide whether a fixed-fee engagement recognizes revenue on milestones or over time?

No — that's an ASC 606 judgment your CPA makes and documents. We track WIP, billing, and progress data against whichever method is in place.

Which practice management or time-and-billing systems do you work inside?

Whatever the firm already runs — Clio, PracticePanther, Deltek, BQE Core — reconciled into the ledger on a fixed cadence rather than run as a system nobody checks against the books.

Can you give us project or matter-level profitability, not just firm-wide numbers?

Yes — direct time cost against billed revenue at the matter level, for whichever engagements the firm wants visibility on. A reporting cut, not a change to how revenue is recognized.

If a client retainer is drawn down against work delivered, how is that tracked?

The retainer balance is drawn down in step with delivered work as it's billed — never treated as revenue until it's actually earned.

Do you determine whether a partner draw is a distribution or compensation for tax purposes?

No — that classification is your CPA's call, tied to the entity's own structure. We track draws and distributions separately from operating expense so the CPA has clean data to classify against.

How does multi-office or multi-state structure get handled in the books?

We track WIP, time, and billing at the office, practice-group, or entity level the firm's structure requires, so apportionment and segmented reporting are built from tagged data.

What happens if unbilled WIP has been sitting untouched for months before you start?

It gets reconciled against the practice management system, aged out by matter, and flagged for the firm to decide — bill it, write it down, or write it off — rather than left buried in a stale balance.

Your CapEasy experts

Connect with us

Talk to the people who handle this work every day — no call centre, no hand-offs.

Ayush Joshi

Ayush Joshi

Co-Founder

Ex-OYO and Tenaciousfly. 7+ years in business development, strategic acquisitions, financing and debt syndication.

Aditya Jain

Aditya Jain

Co-Founder

Ex-Bank of America. 4+ years in investment banking, EU & Indian compliances, ESG compliances, and project management.

Manav Raval

Virtual CFO & Tax Specialist

Section 80-IAC, tax planning and startup compliance. Previously at Toyota Motor Corporation and Jaguar Land Rover.

Ayush Faldu

Virtual CFO & Tax Specialist

Financial strategy, budgeting and cash flow — a CFO’s judgement, monthly.

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